From to , white men who attended church frequently were 6 percentage points more likely to be a Democrat than a Republican. From to , they were 43 points more likely to be Republican. The party identification of young, unmarried women stayed about the same — but the average American became significantly more likely to identify as Republican, magnifying the difference between these two groups.
Polarization has also made voters hesitant to support politicians willing to cooperate with the other side, contributing to legislative gridlock. Worse, the alignment of party preferences with personal identities has fostered ugly, tribal politics. Voters today like their own party less than ever, but are motivated by their even stronger dislike of the other party. Wronski said. The partisan gap between black and white voters is the most durable and powerful split in modern American politics.
Afterward, the Republicans courted racist white voters by opposing school and housing integration. Among white people, religion is the most stable and important determinant of party choice.
But the way religion shapes party attachment has changed. Today, the best way to sort the population of white voters is not by which religion they belong to, but by how religious they are. Since at least the s, black Americans have overwhelmingly preferred the Democrats. White people have moved toward the Republicans. Historically, white Catholics and Jews were more likely to be Democrats than Protestants. But the gap has shrunk as Catholics have moved to the center.
The number of religious white Americans is plummeting. In the long term, that spells disaster for Republicans. The party knows this. Or at least it should. After Republicans lost the election, the party leadership commissioned a report on how to move forward. One answer was clear: appeal to nonwhite and less conservative voters. But in the years since, the Republicans — led by Mr. Trump — have doubled down on white identity politics and seem to believe that their path to a majority is through gerrymandering, voter suppression or attempts to skew the census.
College-educated white people have left the Republican Party over the past decade, but higher-income voters are, as ever, disproportionately Republican. Wealthier people tend to be more educated, too, but now these forces push in opposite directions.
That complicates the traditional relationship between Democrats and the white working class. For decades, working-class people voted for Democrats, but recently, the difference in party affiliation between the white working class and other white people has evaporated.
This trend, experts say, might make it difficult for the Democratic presidential nominee to mobilize voters by appealing to working-class identity. Republicans traditionally won college-educated white voters, and Democrats those with a high school degree or less. That has reversed. Higher income still predicts stronger Republican affiliation. But middle-income voters have drifted away from the Democrats. Democrats were historically the party of the working class. But in , there was almost no difference between working-class and other white people.
Should the government regulate the prices of life-saving drugs? Yes, and we should socialize medicine and healthcare. Yes, and the government should regulate the price of all prescription drugs. No, but shorten the lifespan of drug patents. No, and the government should never regulate prices of private businesses.
No, limiting drug prices would also limit the investment in research and development into new life-saving drugs. Yes, this is necessary to reduce the drug overdose death rate. Yes, drug abuse should be treated as a health issue, not a criminal issue. No, but legalize drugs. No, this would encourage drug use and lower funding for rehabilitation centers.
No, I think businesses should require vaccination but not by government mandate. More, veterans should be able to see any doctor of their choice. More, and replace the VA healthcare system with a personal health savings account. Less, we should increase funding to improve the current system instead. Should the federal government be allowed to negotiate drug prices for Medicare?
No, the government should not interfere with the free market. Should the government increase funding for mental health research and treatment? Yes, but only increase funding for personalized care instead of subsidizing pharmaceutical companies. Yes, our mental healthcare system needs more funding to provide a higher quality of care and services. No, incentivize private companies to address this issue instead.
Should health insurers be allowed to deny coverage to individuals who have a pre-existing condition? Yes, and the government should not be involved in health insurance. Yes, insuring people with pre-existing conditions drives up costs for everyone.
No, it is immoral to deny health insurance to people with pre-existing conditions. Do you support the legalization of Marijuana? Yes, but only for medical use. Yes, and immediately release anyone serving time solely for drug offenses. Yes, and legalize, tax, and regulate marijuana instead of criminalizing it.
No, and increase penalties for non-violent drug offenders. Economic Issues. Yes, and raise taxes on all income brackets. No, but lower taxes for the poor. No, keep the current tax structure. Abolish the income tax, disallow all deductions and increase the sales tax. Reform to a flat tax. Lower the income tax rate and remove all existing tax loopholes for large corporations. Should the government raise the federal minimum wage?
Yes, and make it a living wage. Yes, and adjust it every year according to inflation. Regardless, minimum wage standards should be adjusted by age group. No, and eliminate all wage standards.
No, this will only cause prices to increase in a never ending cycle. No, most minimum wage jobs are meant to develop experience, not support a family. Do you support a universal basic income program? Yes, everyone should receive an income to cover basic necessities including food and housing. No, this will encourage people not to work and harm economic growth.
Should employers be required to pay men and women the same salary for the same job? Yes, and businesses should be required to publish their salary ranges for each position. No, this is irrelevant because the gender wage gap is a myth. No, the current requirements in the Equal Pay Act of are already sufficient.
No, the government should never determine what a private business should pay employees. No, there are too many other variables such as education, experience, and tenure that determine a fair salary. Should welfare recipients be tested for drugs? Yes, but provide treatment for those testing positive. Yes, and immediately terminate benefits for anyone testing positive.
Yes, test anyone receiving money from the government including employees and politicians. Regardless, we should end all social welfare programs. No, this is a waste of time and money. No, only if they have a criminal history related to drug abuse. Should the government make cuts to public spending in order to reduce the national debt? Yes, and increase taxes. Yes, and eliminate federal agencies that are unconstitutional. Yes, but by drastically reducing the benefits and salaries of government officials.
No, reduce military spending instead. No, focus on ending tax evasion instead. No, increase taxes on the wealthy instead. No, reduce the number of government officials instead. No, increase taxes on large multinational corporations instead. No, cuts to public spending will negatively affect the economy. Should there be fewer or more restrictions on current welfare benefits? More, and deny benefits to immigrants. More, current benefits should be capped.
More, but increase benefits for the elderly and disabled. More, reform the system so that it supplements, rather than replaces, a working income. Fewer, current benefits do not provide enough support. Fewer, and ensure benefits go to those that need it most. No changes needed. Do you believe labor unions help or hurt the economy?
Hurt, I support some private unions but am strongly against public unions. Help, but ban their ability to make political donations. Help, in theory but have recently become corrupt and should have their powers limited. Lower, but eliminate deductions and loop holes. Maintain the current rate. Keep current rates but eliminate deductions and loop holes. Remove taxes on corporations and tax shareholder dividends instead.
Increase for large multinational corporations but lower for small businesses. Should the government increase the tax rate on profits earned from the sale of stocks, bonds, and real estate? Yes, on stocks and bonds but not real estate. Yes, and all income should be taxed at the same rate. Yes, and increase to the average U. No, and abolish capital gains taxes. No, increasing the capital gains tax will limit investment in our economy.
Should businesses be required to provide paid leave for full-time employees during the birth of a child or sick family member? Yes, but only for maternity leave. Yes, the lack of paid sick leave is unfair to working men and women.
Yes, but the federal government should sponsor this program instead of businesses. Yes, but only for sick leave which is unexpected, instead of pregnancy which is a personal choice. No, too many workers take advantage of these programs. No, private businesses should decide the amount of competitive incentives they offer to employees instead of a government mandate.
Yes, and all employees should be paid time-and-a-half for overtime hours regardless of their pay scale. No, and the government is currently over-regulating private businesses. No, our economy and businesses cannot afford a decrease in worker productivity right now. Should the current estate tax rate be decreased?
Yes, and we should eliminate it. No, I am satisfied with the current rate. No, and increase it at a progressive rate. Should the government break up Amazon, Facebook and Google? Should the government use economic stimulus to aid the country during times of recession?
Yes, and collectivize all industry. Yes, but in the form of tax breaks for all citizens. Yes, the government should intervene to boost a recovery. Yes, but in the form of tax breaks for low income citizens. Yes, but in the form of increased spending on infrastructure. Yes, but in the form of assisting sectors most heavily hit by the recession. No, recession is a natural cycle that purges excess. No, and the government should drastically reduce spending during recessions.
No, but we should adopt a unilateral free trade policy. No, trade between the member countries has become too imbalanced. Should U. Yes, as long as offshore income is reported. No, and neither should corporations and business organizations. No, too many wealthy citizens are abusing loopholes in offshore banking laws to evade taxes.
Yes, China should be punished for artificially manipulating their currency. Electoral Issues. Should the electoral college be abolished? Yes, and switch to a ranked voting system. Yes, and switch to a representative democracy popular vote system. No, but the balance of votes by population should be updated. No, the electoral college ensures representation of the whole country instead of just major cities. No, but reform so that votes are distributed proportionally instead of the current winner take all system.
Should foreigners, currently residing in the United States, have the right to vote? Yes, but only after living in the country for 5 years. Yes, but only after living in the country for 10 years.
Yes, anyone who pays taxes should have the right to vote. Yes, but they should not be allowed to vote in local elections. Yes, but they should only be allowed to vote in local elections. No, only legal citizens should be allowed to vote. Should a photo ID be required to vote? Yes, this will prevent voter fraud. No, and there is little evidence that voter fraud even exists. No, and automatically register every citizen to vote when they turn No, this will disadvantage those who do not have the resources to obtain one.
Was the US presidential election conducted fairly? Yes, there is not enough evidence to support widespread fraud. Yes, and because COVID required different procedures, this led to many unfounded conspiracy theories.
No, there was too much social media bias and censorship. Should the minimum voting age be lowered? Yes, any citizen that pays taxes should be allowed to vote. No, it should be raised. No, and voters should be required to pass a basic test demonstrating their understanding of politics in order to vote. Should there be a limit to the amount of money a candidate can receive from a donor? Yes, politicians should not be bought by wealthy donors.
Yes, and ban all political donations and publicly fund elections. No, this is a violation of free speech. No, as long as all donations are public knowledge. Should political candidates be required to release their recent tax returns to the public? Yes, and also required to release their medical records.
Yes, and require a public audit each year they are in office. No, their income is none of our business. No, tax returns have nothing to do with their ability to perform their duties. Should a politician, who has been formerly convicted of a crime, be allowed to run for office? Yes, as long as they have finished serving their sentence. Yes, as long as the crime was not committed while in office. Yes, as long as it was not a felony, violent, financial, or sexual crime.
No, and disallow politicians that are under investigation for a crime. Should corporations, unions, and non-profit organizations be allowed to donate to political parties? Yes, but limit the amount they can donate. No, these types of donations just turn into bribes. No, but allow donations from unions and non-profits.
No, and political campaigns should be publicly funded. Should foreign lobbyists be allowed to raise money for American elections? Yes, as long as all donations are public knowledge to ensure there is no conflict of interest. No, foreign interests should not be able to buy the influence of our politicians.
Should there be a 5-year ban on White House and Congressional officials from becoming lobbyists after they leave the government?
Yes, and make it a lifetime ban. Yes, and ban all forms of lobbying. No, the current two-year ban is sufficient. Education Issues. Do you support increasing taxes for the rich in order to reduce interest rates for student loans? Yes, and increase government funding so every student receives a free college education.
No, but we should still reduce interest rates for student loans. No, and transition all current government student loans into privately managed accounts. Should critical race theory be taught in K education? Yes, but not until they are teenagers. Yes, and also add Intersectionality and the Project to the curriculum.
Yes, we cannot end racism until we acknowledge that our institutions, laws, and history are inherently racist. No, kids should be raised to be racially color blind instead of being taught they are inherently racist or disadvantaged based on the color of their skin. Should the federal government pay for tuition at four-year colleges and universities? Yes, but only for partial tuition. No, but provide lower interest rates for student loans.
No, but provide more scholarship opportunities for low-income students. Should the federal government fund Universal preschool? Yes, but funding should come from states instead of the federal government. Yes, as long as parents also have the option to send their child to private school.
No, use a voucher system instead. No, and all education should be privatized. Do you support charter schools? Yes, but only if they are non-profit.
Yes, but not at the expense of funding public schools. Yes, and our entire education system should be privatized. No, and education should not be privatized.
No, we should focus on improving our public schools and increasing teacher wages instead. Do you support Common Core national standards? Yes, I support the concept but not the current implementation. Yes, national standards will help improve our national average and better prepare students for college. Yes, I support a national base standard but allow states and local districts to customize their implementation.
No, teach to each student's potential instead of uniform testing. No, education should be handled at the state and local level instead of the national level.
Should the government decriminalize school truancy? Should the government offer students a voucher that they can use to attend private schools? Yes, but only for low income families.
Yes, but I would rather privatize all education. Yes, but only for students with exceptional athletic, academic, or service achievements. No, and ban private schools. No, we should focus on improving our public schools instead. Domestic Policy Issues. Should there be more restrictions on the current process of purchasing a gun?
Yes, and ban all guns from public use. Yes, but only by closing the gun show loophole. Yes, require strict background checks, psychological testing, and training. No, only for assault weapons. No, only for criminals and the mentally ill. No, but increase penalties for gun-related crimes.
Should teachers be allowed to carry guns at school? Yes, schools should require at least one teacher or security guard to be armed. No, hire professionally trained security guards instead.
No, this would increase the risk of accidental shootings. Should victims of gun violence be allowed to sue firearms dealers and manufacturers? Yes, but only dealers. Yes, any business should be held liable if the primary use of its product is for illegal activity.
No, manufacturers and dealers should only be held liable for negligence. Are you in favor of decriminalizing drug use? Yes, for most but not all drugs. Yes, and retroactively reduce sentences for those already serving time. No, we should pass tougher drug laws. No, and increase punishment for drug dealers. No, but increase funding for addiction prevention and rehabilitation.
No, but decriminalize drugs that offer medicinal benefits such as marijuana. Should it be illegal to burn the American flag? Do you support the Patriot Act? Yes, but the sections involving surveillance and criminalization are too broad. No, and pass strict laws prohibiting government surveillance without probable cause and a warrant. Do you support affirmative action programs? Yes, and drastically increase the current amount of programs. Regardless, we should create more social programs to address poverty.
No, and minority groups should not receive any favorable treatment. Yes, and ban the sale of guns and ammunition to anyone. Yes, but not until the no-fly list screening process is improved for accuracy and includes due process.
Yes, if the government considers you too dangerous to board a plane you should not be able to buy a gun. No, this is a slippery slope that will eventually ban the sale of guns to anyone.
Should the Supreme Court be reformed to include more seats and term limits on judges? Yes, but only reform to include more seats. Yes, but only reform to impose term limits on judges. No, and the Supreme Court should not be politicized. No, reforming the Supreme Court is unconstitutional and would upset the balance of power.
Should the government be allowed to seize private property, with reasonable compensation, for public or civic use? Yes, but only in extreme cases of national emergency. Yes, but only for public projects and never for private projects. Yes, but only if landowners are compensated drastically above fair market price. Yes, as long as landowners are fairly compensated and the projects will benefit the community.
No, unless it is for an oil pipeline project. No, and the government should never be allowed to seize private property. Yes, he should be protected under the Whistleblower Protection Act. No, he should be returned to the U. Should internet service providers be allowed to speed up access to popular websites that pay higher rates at the expense of slowing down access to less popular websites that pay lower rates?
Yes, this would make the internet faster and more reliable for users. Yes, but only give priority by type video over images and not source big website over little website. No, treat all traffic equally and continue the openness of the internet. No, this would allow them to remove competition, create artificial scarcity, and increase prices. Should the government regulate social media sites, as a means to prevent fake news and misinformation? Yes, there is too much fake news and misinformation on social media.
Yes, social media companies are politically biased and need to be regulated. No, the government should not determine what is fake or real news. No, social media companies are private and should not be regulated by the government.
Should social media companies ban political advertising? Should Juneteenth be declared a federal holiday? Yes, and we should provide reparations to Black Americans as well.
No, make Emancipation Day a national holiday instead. No, and end heritage months and designate one month to celebrate all cultures and ethnicities instead. Should the military upgrade Air Force One? No, the current fleet is sufficient. Should local police increase surveillance and patrol of Muslim neighborhoods? Yes, and increase surveillance on all new immigrants. Yes, until the frequency of terrorist attacks by Muslim extremists decrease. No, targeting Muslims is unconstitutional, racist, and incendiary.
No, this decision should be based on crime rates instead of race or religion. No, but police should increase surveillance and patrol of all high crime neighborhoods. Should there be term limits set for members of Congress? Yes, term limits for the House but not the Senate. Yes, and decrease their salary and retirement benefits. Yes, term limits will increase performance and prevent corruption.
No, officials gain valuable experience and become more effective representatives over time. Immigration Issues. Should the US increase or decrease the amount of temporary work visas given to high-skilled immigrant workers? Increase, our economy relies on businesses hiring the highest skilled workers at the lowest cost.
Decrease, companies are currently taking advantage of this program to decrease wages. Decrease, and the government should provide more incentives to prepare our citizens for these jobs. I am satisfied with the current amount. Should illegal immigrants have access to government-subsidized healthcare? Yes, if they pay taxes. Yes, and grant them citizenship. Yes, but they should be deported after treatment. Yes, but only for life threatening emergencies or infectious diseases.
No, but their children should have access. No, and we should deport all illegal immigrants. No, and the government should never subsidize healthcare.
No, but they should be allowed to purchase private healthcare. Yes, and Mexico should pay for it. Yes, but make it a high-tech surveillance barrier instead of a physical one. No, this would be too costly and ineffective. No, and we should adopt an open border policy. No, keep the current wall but do not build more of it. No, but increase our military presence along the southern border. Should undocumented immigrants be offered in-state tuition rates at public colleges within their residing state?
Yes, as long as they pay taxes. Yes, but deny eligibility for financial assistance and scholarships. Yes, and they should also be eligible for financial assistance and scholarships. No, and all illegal immigrants should be deported.
No, they should pay the same rate as out-of-state students. Should sanctuary cities receive federal funding? No, and we should ban the use of sanctuary cities. Should local law enforcement be allowed to detain illegal immigrants for minor crimes and transfer them to federal immigration authorities?
Yes, all illegal immigrants should be turned over to federal authorities and deported. No, only if they are convicted of a violent crime. No, too many non-violent immigrants are being deported.
Should children of illegal immigrants be granted legal citizenship? Yes, if they were born here. Yes, and abolish all national borders.
Yes, but it should not grant their parents citizenship. Yes, but only after performing 4 years of military service or graduating college. No, all illegal immigrants should be deported. No, they must formally apply like every other new citizen. Should Muslim immigrants be banned from entering the country until the government improves its ability to screen out potential terrorists?
Progressive Left? Or somewhere in between? If you had to choose, would you rather have…. A smaller government providing fewer services. A bigger government providing more services. When you say you favor a bigger government providing more services, do you think it would be better to…. Modestly expand on current government services.
Greatly expand on current government services. Which of the following statements come closest to your view? If America is too open to people from all over the world, we risk losing our identity as a nation. In general, would you say experts who study a subject for many years are…. Thinking about increased trade of goods and services between the U.
Gained more than it has lost because increased trade has helped lower prices and increased the competitiveness of some U. Lost more than it has gained because increased trade has cost jobs in manufacturing and other industries and lowered wages for some U. How much more, if anything, needs to be done to ensure equal rights for all Americans regardless of their racial or ethnic backgrounds?
A lot. Nothing at all. Which comes closer to your view about what needs to be done to ensure equal rights for all Americans regardless of their racial or ethnic backgrounds — even if neither is exactly right? Most U. While there are many inequities in U. Which of the following statements comes closest to your view?
Business corporations make too much profit. Most corporations make a fair and reasonable amount of profit.
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